Lubitz' Leon Trotsky Bibliography

• Preface
• Introduction and users' notes
  • General presentation, selection procedures, scope and limits
  • Arrangement of material. Main part and indices. Searching the bibliography
  • Construction of entries. Bibliographic style
  • Notes on certain chapters
  • Note on transliteration
  • Note on technical instruments used
• Endnotes
• List of abbreviations
• Transliteration table

Preface

We are proud to present again a new enlarged, corrected and improved edition of our international Lubitz' Leon Trotsky Bibliography (LLTB). This new edition is the sixth version (as at January 2012) of our bibliographical reference work which is published as an electronic resource only, superseding the three printed editions of the Trotsky Bibliography (published between 1982 and 1999) [1]. Although the present bibliography undoubtedly dazzles by its extent and density, it nevertheless would be presumptuous to claim perfection or completeness, not only because it is a truism that the chances of inadvertent exclusions are enormous, but rather because it has always been our very intention to combine comprehensive and selective qualities. To avoid any misunderstanding, it should be clearly emphasized here that the LLTB is itemizing exclusively secondary literature about Trotsky, Trotskyism and Trotskyists, i.e. it is not a repertory of works by Trotsky.

The present edition contains some 15,000 main entries (title descriptions, or title records) of items written in some 25 languages and published in some 50 countries between 1905 and Autumn 2011 [2]. A considerable portion of the records contained in our bibliography are annotated and/or enriched by tables of contents or by bibliographic notes providing for example information regarding related works or translations. For most of the non-English titles proper, translation (Anglicization) is supplied (with the exception of titles recorded in chapters 8 and 9).

It is intended that future revised and amended editions of the LLTB will be published on an approximately annual basis. Beginning with the 2010 edition, the LLTB is registered as ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) 2190-0183.

The extent, variety, and circulation of the literature published on our subject – of scholarly, critical, epigonous, polemical, ephemeral, or even obscure origin – has reached such dimensions that it seemed wise and necessary to put it together in a compact and user-friendly bibliography in order to facilitate a more helpful approach to Trotsky and Trotskyism and to make retrieval of relevant literature less time-consuming for prospective users (librarians, scholars and students in the fields of historical, political and social sciences, Judaism, Slavic studies etc. and others taking an interest in Trotsky and Trotskyism). It is hoped that this work will be welcomed both as a useful reference tool and as a comprehensive survey of the research into the subject as it stands at this time. Despite the remarkable variety and breadth of scholarly activities in the field of Trotsky and Trotskyism research – as documented in extenso by our bibliography – plenty of scope remains for ongoing studies and investigations. The compilers would be very pleased if their present LLTB could stimulate and encourage such research activities.

The present bibliography is completely a labour of love, neither initiated nor sponsored or guided by any person, group or institution. We are indeed – as a reviewer fittingly stated some years ago – admirably devoted and passionate bibliographers. With never-ending perseverance and vigour, we accomplished the gathering of a quite unique collection of 'secondary' literature about Trotsky and the movement he initiated. A good deal of the collected material as well as many of the men and women who created it as authors, editors etc. absolutely deserve being saved from sinking into oblivion; we enjoy having a modest share in the preservation of the historical memory by preserving those Trotskyana by cataloguing, classifying and making them known in form of our bibliography.

We consider Leon Trotsky (1879-1940) one of the most noteworthy, original, fascinating, tragic, and controversial political figures of the 20th century. The sheer quantity of relevant publications listed in our bibliography reflects his importance and topicality. At one time a hero of both the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917 and the creator of the victorious Red Army, he was defeated by Stalin and the emerging party bureaucracy in the mid-1920s, exiled and later murdered on Stalin's behalf. The Trotskyist Left Opposition was the main target of the Stalinists' ideological, later bureaucratic and physical attacks and was eventually destroyed during the 1930s. The Stalinist falsifiers systematically set out to delete everything pertaining to Trotsky's memory from the revolutionary annals. Thus in the Stalinist Soviet Union (and of course in the communist parties all over the world), Trotsky became a non-person and Trotskyism a synonym for the most perfidious form of anti-Soviet counterrevolutionary theory and practice.

In the Western world where tiny groups of Trotskyists continued to exist since the late 1920s, Trotsky was considered persona non grata, and thus most countries refused to grant him asylum. In the 1930s Trotsky mainly dedicated himself to the task of creating and furthering a movement which could against all odds at least maintain the traditions of anti-Stalinist as well as anti-reformist revolutionary Marxism. Thus, in 1938, after a period of unprecedented defeats of the labour movement (e.g. China 1927, Germany 1933, Austria 1934, Spain 1936/39 etc.) and the rise of fascism in Europe and after several years of splits and regroupings, Trotsky and his adherents proclaimed the "Fourth International". Considered stillborn even by some of his followers and sympathisers, the Fourth International, or more generally termed, Trotskyism, for many decades survived as an idea and a programme as well as a political current at the periphery of the labour movement, although it not only suffered severely from repression and persecution (by Stalinists as well as by reactionary regimes and even by democratic governments) but also from internal demoralization, various splits and never ending factional fights [3].

In the period from the Second World War to the mid-1960s, including the years of the Cold War, there were hardly any publications relating to the work and legacy of Leon Trotsky with the great exception of the unsurpassed Trotsky trilogy by Isaac Deutscher which has been followed by a considerable amount of biographies in various languages and of various quality and scope during the last four decades [4].

It was only in the second half of the 1960s that political and literary interest in Trotsky and his ideas was reawakened. The unity of the communist "bloc" broke up totally with the Sino-Soviet schism of 1960/63, the political polarisation of the world was in the process of disintegration and the Cold War was replaced by the politics of détente while in the Third World, national and social liberation movements of various kinds challenged the old colonial powers and the United States (e.g. Cuba, Algeria, Vietnam) Most of the Western countries, where the social, political and economic contradictions became more and more evident at the end of the long post-war boom, were faced with the formation of the New Left and an unprecedented wave of student and youth protest as well as with social unrest (e.g. France 1968, Italy 1969).

In the wake of these events and developments, Trotsky's ideas could no longer be hidden or considered a taboo, and as a consequence, many of his writings began to circulate as reprints and pirated volumes. Although Trotskyism was not able to develop as a real political mass movement of decisive weight, in a few countries it began to dominate the Left for a longer or shorter period or at least was able to develop into a serious political and ideological current on the Left, beyond Stalinism and social democracy [5]. Altogether the organizational influence and significance of Trotskyism remained weak whereas the influence of Trotsky's ideas and his political analyses have by far surpassed the small number of organized disciples. Numerous aspects of his thought were and are still to be found in many analyses of backwardness and revolution in the Third World as well as in many analyses of the socio-economic and political system of the then USSR. Besides, it was undoubtedly Trotsky's life full of dramatic and sensational moments, his sparkling personality, his widespread interests which have inspired to this day many authors to investigate in Trotsky, the "quintessential revolutionary" [6], to cope with his life and action and last not least with his assassination again and again.

The revival of Trotskyism in the West has not been looked upon with approval in the Eastern "bloc". Thus a veritable flood of books, pamphlets and articles dealing with Trotskyism as an extremely dangerous challenge to "(real) socialism" was published in the USSR and other Eastern European countries during the period from 1965 to 1985 [7]. Although some of the old Stalinist stock-answers were no longer maintained, the treatment of Trotsky as a non-person did not change in essence before 1985/87. The attitude of the Soviet writers who denounced the hazardous character of "old" and "new" Trotskyism has correctly been described as "demonology" [8]. While orthodox communist parties outside the Eastern "bloc" uncritically echoed the anti-Trotskyist demonology of the Soviet ideologists, some eurocommunist parties, the Yugoslav CP and the Chinese CP – after the defeat of the so-called "gang of four" – took pains to come to differentiated assessements.

In the Soviet Union a re-assessment of Trotsky only began some two or three years after Gorbachev had been elected party leader of the Communist Party in 1985. His new politics of "glasnost" also paved the way for Trotsky research in the USSR. When censorship was abolished, Soviet historians and social scientists began to publish articles (and later also books and pamphlets) about the life and work of Trotsky, about his rôle in Russian and Soviet history, about his legacy and meaning for today. Since 1988 and chiefly during the last two years of the Gorbachev era (1990/91) a veritable flood of such publications has been acknowledged [9]. For the first time ever, Soviet scholars participated in Trotsky conferences held in Western countries and could present and discuss their papers there. The new trends and differentiations in Soviet/Russian Trotsky research were critically reflected and analysed in a considerable number of journal articles by Western scholars [10].

After the end of the Gorbachev era and the dissolution of the USSR there was a considerable decline of Russian publications on Trotsky and Trotskyism, though scholarly interest did not fade away completely [11]. It should be mentioned that scholarly research in Trotsky has been stimulated and furthered by the opening up of many Soviet/Russian archives since 1991.

Our bibliography reflects the fact that since the late 1960s there has been evidence of an ever-increasing interest, though chiefly academic, in Trotsky and Trotskyism that sometimes meshes with lingering radical sympathy. Let us mention some facts and developments as illustration:

In the field of Trotsky(ism) research, several hundred dissertations and other university works have been submitted, chiefly since the 1970s. By now, our bibliography itemizes no less than some 550 such works, the topics of which are manifold: studies about the history of the Trotskyist movement in certain countries, about the Fourth International, about certain aspects of Trotsky's life, about some of his close collaborators and adherents, about his political, social and economic ideas; during the last 20 years, an increasing number of works dealing with sociological aspects of the Trotskyist movement has been submitted to universities, particularly in France. Some of the graduates remained faithful to Trotsky research even after gaining their degree and thus produced a considerable number of relevant books and essays over the years.

Numerous scholarly monographs, other books and pamphlets, biographies etc., not to mention the vast quantity of relevant articles and essays in scholarly journals and collections, were published by scholars and other people concerned.

Today, Trotsky scholars can consult a wealth of relevant public archives. The main repository of Trotsky's unpublished papers and letters is undoubtedly the Trotsky Archive at Houghton Library, Harvard University (Cambridge, Mass.), which has been fully accessible since 1980, but there are of course many other archives and repositories where relevant sources can be found, as for example the Hoover Institution Archives (Stanford, Cal.), the Lilly Library, Indiana University (Bloomington, Ind.), the Special Collections Library and Labadie Collection (Ann Arbor, Mich.); the Archives of Labor & Urban Affairs (Detroit, Mich.), the Swarthmore College Peace Collection (Swarthmore, Pa.), the State Historical Society of Wisconsin Archives Division (Madison, Wis.), the Tamiment Institute / Ben Josephson Library (New York, NY), the Rutgers University Libraries (New Brunswick, NJ), the Bakhmeteff Archive (Columbia Univ., New York, NY), the University of Texas (Austin, Tex.), the Emory University (Emory, Ga.), the Modern Records Centre (Coventry), the Brynmor Jones Library (Hull Univ.), the University of Glasgow Library Special Collections Department, the Senate House Library (London), the Manchester Polytechnic Library, the Bibliothèque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine (Nanterre), the Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis (Amsterdam), the Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (Amsterdam); the Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes, the Schweizerisches Sozialarchiv (Zurich), the Trotzkismus-Archiv in der Bibliothek der Friedrich -Ebert-Stiftung (Bonn), the Archiv APO und Soziale Bewegungen (Berlin), the Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv (Berlin), the Zentralarchiv des Bundesbeauftragten für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der Ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (Berlin), the Arbeiderbevegelsens Arkiv og Bibliotek (Oslo), the Arbejderbevaegelsens Bibliotek og Arkiv (Copenhagen), the Comité de Documentación Histórica sobre el Trosquismo Español (Barcelona); the Fundación Pablo Iglesias (Madrid) [12]. Besides such public archives, researchers investigating in the history and organizational structure of Trotskyist groups and parties should consult the archives which are run by some Trotskyist organizations; while many of these groups and parties prefer to keep their documents strictly under lock and key, others at least have given partial or restricted access to serious researchers and still others have deposited their documents and papers at public libraries and archives, sometimes subject to special conditions on when and how some sections are opened to the public. With regard to Russian archives it should be mentioned that a British publishing house has started to publish in co-operation with scientific institutions great sections of archive files on microfiche or microfilm, so that such repositories can be used all over the world.

Since the 1970s, a considerable number of research institutes and working archives were founded by Trotskyist scholars and activists, some of those being affiliated to certain parties or groups, some considered as independent and not dictated by party policy. A section within TrotskyanaNet entitled Research Centres and Working Archives provides features about a number of such institutions incl. their publications, as for example about CERMTRI (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur les Mouvements Trotskyste et Révolutionnaires Internationaux) (Paris), Institut Léon Trotsky (Grenoble), Socialist Platform (London), Torotsuki Kenkyusho [Trotsky institute of Japan] (Tokyo), Prometheus Research Library (New York), International Institute for Research and Education and Ernest Mandel Study Centre (Amsterdam). Mention must also be made of the Committee for the Study of Leon Trotsky's Legacy which was launched for the main purpose of promoting a deeper and broader study and understanding of the ideological legacy of Trotsky and of the relationship of his ideas to problems of social development, especially by the issuing or re-issuing of Trotsky's main works in Russian and by undertaking a series of five conferences on Leon Trotsky, held at Moscow and Sankt Peterburg respectively since 1994.

In the United States, France, Germany [13], Italy and Mexico, multi-volume collected works by Trotsky have been published, each of them of course representing a selection only, since a complete collection of all his writings, including letters and the like, would, conservatively estimated, fill some 80 to 100 volumes [14].

Bibliographies are indispensable prerequisites for serious historical research. The late Louis Sinclair (1909-1990) endeavoured to record chronologically the vast literary heritage of Trotsky (i.e. the primary literature) and to publish his Trotsky : a bibliography, an outstanding example of meticulousness and persistence [15].

The scholarly relevance and topicality of Trotsky and Trotskyism are reflected also by the fact that there took place a whole series of international conferences and symposia since 1979 (5 of which were held in 1990, on the occasion of the fiftieth aniversary of Trotsky's assassination) to which hundreds of distinguished scholars, noted research fellows, and Trotskyist (ex-)activists contributed papers or were involved in panel discussions [16]:

• International conference The Trotsky-Stalin Conflict and Russia in the 1920s, held in Garden City, NY (USA), March 9-10, 1979;
• Convegno Internazionale di Studi in Occasione del 40° Anniversario della Morte di Leon Trockij, held in Follonica (Italy), Oct. 7-11, 1980;
• Coloquio Trotsky, Revelador Político del México Cárdenista, held in Mexico City (Mexico), May 18-22, 1987;
• Jornadas Trotsky hoy, held in Madrid (Spain), Jan. 30 - Febr. 3, 1989:
• Internationales Symposium Leo Trotzki – Kritiker und Verteidiger der Sowjetgesellschaft, held in Wuppertal (Germany), March 26-29, 1990;
• International Conference Trotsky after 50 Years, held in Aberdeen (Great Britain), July 31 - Aug. 4, 1990;
• Coloquio Internacional Trotsky – Cincuentenario de su Muerte (1940-1990), held in México, D.F. (México), Aug. 20-24, 1990;
• Simpósio Internacional Passado e Presente do Socialismo – 50° Aniversário da Morte de Leon Trotsky, held in São Paulo (Brazil), Sept. 10-14, 1990;
• International Symposium to Commemorate the 50th Anniversary of Trotsky's Death, held in Tokyo (Japan), Nov. 2-4, 1990;
• Mezhdunarodnaia Nauchnaia Konferentsiia Ideinoe Nasledie Trotskogo: Istoriia, Sovremennost', held in Moscow (Russia), Nov. 10-12, 1994 [being the 1st conference of the Committee for the Study of Leon Trotsky's Legacy];
• International Conference The Fate of Soviet Democracy, held in St. Petersburg (Russia), Dec. 4, 1995 [being the 2nd conference of the Committee for the Study of Leon Trotsky's Legacy]
• International Conference The Revolution Betrayed – 60 Years Later, held in Moscow (Russia), Nov. 22-24, 1996 [being the 3rd conference of the Committee for the Study of Leon Trotsky's Legacy];
• International Conference on Leon Trotsky and the Russian Revolution 1917-1997, held in Moscow (Russia), Oct. 10-12, 1997 [being the 4th conference of the Committee for the Study of Leon Trotsky's Legacy];
• International Conference on Trotsky's World – 120 Years of Struggle, held in Moscow (Russia), Oct. 29-30, 1999 [being the 5th conference of the Committee for the Study of Leon Trotsky's Legacy];
• International Conference Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism, held in New York, NY (USA), Sept. 29 - Oct. 1, 2000;
• Taller 'Trotsky como alternativa', held in Buenos Aires (Argentina), Nov. 14 and 29, 2002;
• Conference on the Legacy of Leon Trotsky and U.S. Trotskyism, held in New York, NY [USA], July 25-27, 2008.

With regard to the scholarly relevance of Trotsky, it must also be mentioned that there are (or, have been for many years) several journals devoted chiefly or exclusively to research on Trotsky and Trotskyism [17], as for example Revolutionary History (1988 sq.), Cahiers Léon Trotsky (1979-2003), Journal of Trotsky Studies (1993-1996).

Last not least we would like to mention the Trotsky Museum (Museo Casa de León Trotsky) in México City, which is exhaustively dealt with in a special chapter [18] of our TrotskyanaNet website.

That being said, we should like to express our deepest thanks and great respect to all persons who contributed in many ways to our project, for example by providing bibliographical information on demand, addresses, or photostats of rare items. Obviously, it is impossible to list them all. Thanks, too, for all those stimulating feedbacks which we have been receiving from so many people.

Introduction and users' notes

General presentation, selection procedures, scope and limits

The present bibliography is the result of some 35 years of intensive and continuous research, acquisition, collection management, and correspondence. Dozens and dozens of library catalogues, computerized bibliographic databases, hundreds of current and retrospective bibliographies as well as many other reference tools have been consulted in order tio identify suitable documents. Furthermore, several thousand volumes of relevant journals, collective works, dissertations or similar publications have been searched systematically and intensively (or, constantly monitored) for relevant items. It should be noted that some 90% of the recorded items were examined by the compilers, most of them being from their personal collection.

Regarding the various types of material, chiefly the following publications were taken into account:

• Articles, essays and other contributions published in journals incl. sections of books and relevant chapters dealing with Trotsky and Trotskyism;
• Obituaries, memoirs, reminiscences, biographical miscellanies;
• Books, pamphlets and other separately published items;
• Scholarly book reviews and related items;
• Dissertations, master theses and other university publications;
• Bibliographies, archive guides, inventories and finding aids;
• Manuscripts and related unpublished items;
• Collections, conference proceedings, Festschriften and related items;
• Transcripts of congressional hearings.

Thus, independently published works as well as component parts are itemized; with regard to university works and to certain manuscripts some unpublished works are listed, too. Regarding the various publication media, we are considering printed media as well as online publications (electronic resources) and audio-visual media. Please note: it goes without saying that we do not at all intend to "catalogue the Internet"; thus, only some 700 online publications (which means a very modest percentage of the nearly uncountable Trotsky relevant items presented in one or the other form in the World Wide Web) have been selected for inclusion into our bibliography – for many a reason. As a rule, we have decided to neglect all those electronic resources which originally (or, parallelly) have been published in printed or mimeographed form, thus many journals are represented in our bibliography only by their print edition, not as 'E-journals'. With other words: there is not even the slightest claim for comprehensiveness with regard to electronically published or digitized items.

We decided not to consider at all those obscure 'books' which contain nothing than electronically copied articles from Wikipedia, a practice performed for example by Books LLC, Memphis, Tenn.

With regard to digitized visual media it should be emphasized that we don't consider the many strips and clips available via such resources like YouTube. Archival materials and other unpublished items (with a few exceptions mentioned above) as a rule remain unconsidered; the same applies to items published in the daily or weekly press and to the bulk of chiefly polemical and/or self-reflecting items published in serials and bulletins issued by the many rival Trotskyist groups and grouplets.

With regard to the question whether or not a certain item should be admitted, problems have arisen necessarily with those titles which either – despite all attempts – could not be located or which, although dealing with the subject of this bibliography, do so only in a broader context, e.g. works about the Russian revolution and its outcome (such as E.H. Carr's famous multi-volume A History of the Russian Revolution). In such cases, the compilers had to decide more or less arbitrarily, being aware that another compiler would have made another decision.

With regard to the quality and the political provenance of the material, the bibliography's coverage is comprehensive and as politically neutral as possible, including decidedly anti-Trotskyist as well as obviously partisan publications, Western as well as Soviet publications, scholarly as well as popular publications, critical and in-depth as well as ephemeral and obscure publications.

With regard to the contents, the bibliography's scope covers all aspects (biographical, theoretical, political etc.) of Leon Trotsky's life and work, including his rôle in history, his legacy, and his influence, as well as Trotskyism, first as an oppositional tendency within the ruling Bolshevik party and within the Comintern during the 1920s, then as an international anti-Stalinist, anti-reformist political and intellectual movement from the 1930s to the present day. Further, we provide a considerable amount of biographical items about a number of selected deceased Trotskyists (incl. some former Trotskyists and dissidents).

This general presentation should be concluded with some statistical facts and figures (based on an evaluation made in December 2011) concerning the languages and countries of the publications considered: only those items were admitted which were available in one of the following European languages (in alphabetical order): Belorussian, Bulgarian, Catalan, Czech, Danish, Dutch (Netherlandic, Flemish), English, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Icelandic, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Ukrainian, Welsh.

The following table shows the distribution of items according to languages:

English:	41.7%	French:	16.5%
German:	14.0%	Russian:	11.7%
Spanish:	4.9%	Italian:	4.3%
Portuguese:	1.7%	Dutch:	1.1%
Swedish:	0.7%	Polish:	0.5%
Danish:	0.5%	Others:	2.3%

The following table shows the distribution of items according to places of publication:

USA:	19.5%	Great Britain:	16.2%
France:	16.2%	Germany:	12.5%
USSR/Russia:	12.3%	Italy:	5.3%
Spain:	1.5%	Brazil:	1.4%
Netherlands:	1.4%	Belgium:	1.3%
Argentina:	1.3%	Mexico:	1.2%
Canada:	1.1%	Austria:	0.9%
Switzerland:	0.7%	Sweden:	0.7%
Denmark:	0.6%	Others:	5.9%

The following table shows the distribution of items according to years of publication:

Pre-1920: 0.1%	1920-1929: 6.6%	1930-1939: 4.3%	1940-1949: 2.1%	1950-1959: 2.3%
1960-1969: 7.2%	1970-1979: 17.0%	1980-1989: 15.8%	1990-1999: 22.2%	2000-...*) : 22.4% *) incl. electronic resources

Arrangement of material. Main part and indices.
Searching the bibliography

The present bibliography is divided into a main part and an index section (six indices). The main part (or, core of the bibliography) is a classified catalogue, divided into 10 main subject matter chapters splitting up into more than 100 sub-chapters according to contents as well as to formal aspects. In these smallest sub-sections, entries are arranged alphabetically according to author and/or title. A survey (or, schedule) of classification can be found here.

All entries (main entries as well as coss-references; see next paragraph) are assigned Arabic identification numbers (IDNs), to which the index entries refer; these item numbers are to be found at the very top of each entry, followed – for better orientation – by chapter/sub-chapter designation.

For each item listed in our bibliography it was decided to provide full bibliographical description only once (main entry), namely under the dominant topic involved, i.e. under a particular chapter/sub-chapter heading in accordance with a judgement of where the item's chief focus is or where its chief relevance is to the field of our bibliography. Since many items could undoubtedly be placed under two, three or even more different sub-chapters, it was decided to make cross-references. Cross-referenced items are merged with the full entries and they are – for some technical reason – assigned running numbers (IDNs) like these; this explains the fact that the total number of IDNs is exceeding by far the total number of ca. 15,000 main entries.

Users' access to the bibliography is by two methods or by a combination of them: 1.) by selecting the subject of interest in the clasification system and then browsing through the respective chapter/sub-chapter; 2.) by selecting an index, tracing a certain index term and clicking the given item numbers which are leading to the title records in the main part of the bibliography.
Furthermore, the structure and arrangement of the bibliography should allow its users to carry out intelligent browsing, to see things in context, and to find out a lot of interesting bibliographic and research connections. It goes without saying that users may also simply use the "find" ("search") function of one's web-browser to access any specific author, subject, title, keyword, source citation, number (e.g. ISSN or ISBN), yet even parts of words, page numbers and the like occurring in any item listed in our bibliography.

The following six indices are at users' disposal:

• Author index, arranged alphabetically by names of authors, editors, compilers, and of corporate bodies (if mentioned in the body of an entry as editing or issuing agency in case of anonymous works). Please note that translators as well as persons mentioned in titles proper remain unconsidered with regard to the author index. Variants (e.g. in spelling) of personal or corporate names not selected for use in the headings are entered in the author index as "→"-references. In many cases, years of birth and death as well as some other additional information about authors are added to the names in brackets.
  
• Title index, arranged in alphabetical order. Although most of the titles listed in the main part are considered for indexing (i.e. titles of anonymously published works as well as of works filed under authors' names), there are some noteworthy exceptions from this general rule: first, so-called uniform titles as for example "[Review]" or "[Resolution]" are not mentioned in the title index; second, quite unspecific titles like for example "Leon Trotsky" remain widely unconsidered for indexing; third, many of the titles mentioned in chapters 8 (the book review section) and 9 (material about Trotskyists) are neglected for title indexing, too. On the other hand: in cases where the topic of a book, pamphlet or article is reflected by its sub-title rather than its title proper, sub-titles are indexed, either additionally to the title proper or substituting it. Last not least it should be mentioned that titles beginning with a number (e.g. 1st anniversary, 10 years, 120 days, 30 questions, 5ième anniversaire, 4,000 listeners) are filed in the title index in binary order before titles beginning with "A...".
  
• Source index, arranged alphabetically by authors/titles of those monographs, collections, journals and other sources from which component parts (articles, chapters, etc.) have been drawn. With regard to journals, only title, place of publication, and ISSN (if any), are given; in case of works with single or multi-authorship, the same rules apply as described below, with one exception: author's first and middle names are given as initials only.
  
• Series index, an alphabetically arranged list of series titles (titles of monographic book series), omitting their numbering.
  
• Dissertation index, listing dissertations, theses and other university works, arranged by places and names of universities or similiar institutions. It should be noted that trade editions of university works [19] are generally not included in this index.
  
• Conference index, listing alphabetically congresses, conferences, symposia and similar events from which items for the main part have been drawn. This index also contains cross-references considering variant names of conferences, places and dates; additionally, all those events are cross-referenced under the standardized keyword "Conference [+ date]". The entry numbers in this index refer to individual contributions to conferences as well as to collections (e.g. proceedings) published as results of such conferences; furthermore they refer to items about such conferences.
  

Construction of entries. Bibliographic style

The structure of the entries and the usage of description signs (colons, dashes, etc.) are largely based upon the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD), the standard on which the cataloguing rules of most libraries are based. Therefore it should be sufficient to sketch the arrangement of entries only briefly and to add some peculiarities of bibliographic style if necessary:

There are two basic types of entries: those used for the description of independently published items and those used for the description of component parts:

Entries of independently published items follow this order:

1. Title phrase and statement of authorship area, i.e. main title, other titles, sub-titles, principal and subsidiary authors and contributors as recorded from the title page or its substitute. Omissions and additions made by the compilers are enclosed in square brackets. The following peculiarity should be noted: there are only main entries under an author's name (in case of works authored by one to three persons, first author's name is used as heading) or under title proper, but not under the name of a corporate body.

2. Edition area, i.e. edition statement and statement of authorship relating to the edition, recorded chiefly from information within the document. Please note that "first editions" are not mentioned.

3. Imprint area, i.e. place of publication, name of publisher or issuing agency, and year of publication.

4. Collation area, i.e. number of pages.

5. Notes area (see below)

Entries of component parts (i.e. dependently published items such as essays and contributions to journals and collections) follow this order:

1. Title phrase and statement of authorship area, recorded from the entire document (preceded by heading in case of entries filed under an author's name, see above).

2. Source area, i.e. after "in:" follows the title of the journal or author and title of the work which contains the respective item. Source statements referring to monographs generally comprise author and/or title, place and year of publication, pagination for the quoted component part; for journals, the preceding "in:" is followed by the journal title (plus sub-title and/or issuing agency, if necessary), place of publication, ISSN, volume, year of publication, issue and page number. Please note that in some cases page numbers are not given for various reasons.

3. Notes area (see below).

In case of electronic documents, the URL (uniform resource locator) is replacing the imprint area, and the document's scope is given by KB or MB (Kilobyte or Megabyte), followed by the approximate number of pages in round brackets. The date of access is given as a bibliographic note; the access date is of enormous relevance since many documents are 'volatile', i.e. they suddenly may disappear from the Internet or may substantially being altered (or even falsified or distorted); thus, any of our records reflects the state-of-the-art as it was on the mentioned day ("Accessed..."). It goes without saying that we can't guarantee the correctness (or, persistence) of a given URL since an electronic document may move from one host or server to another or may be discarded.

Now, some peculiarities should be mentioned:

   For authors' names as headings standardized forms of spelling are used, i.e. regardless of the way in which an author's name appears in a document, all editions and translations of his works are entered under a uniform heading, transliterated if necessary, e.g. all writings by Bukharin are filed under the name heading "Bucharin, Nikolaj Ivanovič" whereas on the title pages of the respective works are "N. Bucharin", "Nikolai Bukharin", or "N. Boukharine". If the heading varies from the form on the title page, the latter is repeated in the author statement. Missing or abbreviated first names are, if possible, supplied in the heading. As mentioned above, all different forms and spellings are cross-referenced in the author index.

   Writings of authors using a pseudonym are filed under this form only if it is better known than the real name or if the real name is (still) unknown (or, 'under lock and key' for certain reasons). As a rule, however, entry is made under the real name, and the present name is added in square brackets in the author statement. "Famous" pseudonyms (e.g. Stalin, Radek) are only explained in the author index. Writings initialled only (e.g. "By B.A.") are entered under the author's complete name if known, or under title proper and thus treated as anonymously published works. Acronyms and initialisms are entered or cross-referenced in the author index.

   In case of single author publications, the author's name is repeated in the author statement only if the name heading differs from the form actually used in the document. In case of more than three authors, only the first mentioned author is considered, the others being indicated by "[et al.]". The same applies to editors and other subsidiary authors. Particles like "von", "par", "by" which introduce an author statement on the title page are generally neglected.

   In the edition area of the entries, information of imprints, reprints or editions are quoted. The mentioning of first editions, illustrations, sizes, prices, bindings or paper qualities are neglected.

   Apart from the titles proper, common bibliographic abbreviations are used (see our List of abbreviations). Omissions and additions by the compilers are identified by dots and square brackets "[...]".

   In case of multi-volume publications, the total number of volumes is indicated in the imprint area of the entry; the volume listing, as a rule, is given in the notes area.

   Dissertations and other university works are entered somewhat differently from other monographic publications: Heading, title phrase and author statement is followed by collation; starting on the next line, a dissertation statement follows consisting of location, name of institution, type of publication (using English terms unless there is no suitable English equivalent), and year of graduation, e.g. "Durham, NC, Duke Univ., diss., 1980".

   Source statement: Special issues of a journal, even if published with a distinct title, are generally indicated by the (main) title of the journal. Exceptions, however, may occur occasionally. Journal issues referred to by months or seasons are always entered with the corresponding English terms.

   Bibliographical notes: whenever it seems necessary or useful, bibliographical notes providing some supplementary information are added to the entries, en petit; such notes are – as a rule – preceded by standardized phrasing. e.g.:

"Table of contents" [=full or partial survey about a book's or article's contents or chapter structure]

"Orig.:" [=original title]

"Other ed./versions/transl.:" [=titles of earlier or later versions of a work, of translations into other languages etc.]

"On cover:" [=deviating title on cover or spine]

"Reprinted from:"

"Extracted from:"

"Angl.:" [=Anglicization of a non-English title proper]

"Notes:" [=number of foot-/endnotes, citation references]

   In some chapters, uniform titles (or, supplied titles) in square brackets are used for certain types of documents. Uniform titles precede the title description and author statement; specific titles, if any, are entered after the uniform title. The following uniform titles are used:

"[Review]"

"[Review article]"

"[Resolution]"

"[Obituary]"

"[Biographical sketch]"

"[Autobiographical sketch]"

"[Foreword]"

"[Postface]"

Please note, that references to related titles as well as Anglicizations of titles proper are omitted if uniform titles were used as headings.
Last not least, book reviews, obituaries and similar types of documents, which &ndash as a rule &ndash are lacking distinct titles proper, are filed with the heading "[Anonymous]" if the authorship could not be clearly identified.

Notes on certain chapters

At the end of this introduction, we should like to give some brief informations concerning certain chapters of the present bibliography:

• Sub-chapter 1.1: please note that so-called "hidden" bibliographies are not listed here;
• Sub-chapter 1.2: entries of the various component parts of a collection listed here are – as a rule – filed individually in the relevant sub-chapters;
• Sub-chapter 1.4: please note that articles in general encyclopaedias as well as their equivalents in the WWW are mostly neglected;
• Sub-chapter 3.3.15: this sub-chapter covers items of Soviet and Western provenance dealing with the re-evaluation and the re-assessment of Trotsky and Trotskyism in the Soviet Union during the Gorbachev era;
• Sub-chapter 5.4: please note that the items listed here are only partly cross-referenced to other chapters; as to Lenin as author it should be mentioned that only such items which were published independently, i.e. in book form, are considered;
• Sub-chapter 5.5: only resolutions of the supreme authorities of the CPSU and of the supreme bodies of the Comintern are entered here. All entries are headed by the uniform title "[Resolution]" plus the date of adoption and the name of the body which adopted it. The sequence of entries is chronological according to the date of adoption;
• Chapter 8: this is the book review section of the present bibliography (both reviews of selected primary and secondary works are considered). Since most reviews and review articles lack distinct titles and many of them are published anonymously, some deviations from the standard description occur, e.g. the usage of uniform titles. The titles of the works under review are mentioned at the top of each entry except in case of review articles (omnibus reviews) where the works under review are mentioned in the notes area at the end of the entry. With regard to the arrangement: in sub-chapter 8.1.02, the records are arranged alphabetically by the (original) titles of Trotsky's works under review; in sub-chapter 8.2.02, the records are arranged by the authors and titles of the secondary works under review;
• Chapter 9: this chapter provides chiefly biographical information about a selection of some 180 deceased Trotskyists [20], including some who were committed to the Trotskyist movement only for a certain span of their lives. The selection is more or less arbitrary and it goes without saying that the compilers do not claim any completeness. Arrangement is by the names of the featured persons whose names are mentioned at the top of each entry in chapter 9 ("About").
• Chapter 10: this is a very short chapter in which we record forthcoming titles, titles announced but factually never published, titles ordered but not yet received, and titles which couldn't yet be classified or analyzed. With other words: this chapter partly considers items which do not (or, probably do not yet) really exist.

Note on transliteration

Items which are printed in non-Latin characters, mainly Cyrillic ones, have been transliterated (romanized) according to ISO recommendation R 9 (2. ed. 1968) with the single exception of the Russian character "X" which is transliterated as "Ch" instead of "H". It should be noted that the transliteration used here partly differs from transliterations widely used by libraries and documentation centres. See also our transliteration table [PDF].

Note on technical instruments used

All entries and indices of the present bibliography derive from our computerized database LEON. The software used, ALLEGRO-C, was especially created for bibliographic and/or library concerns and was developed by a team of the Braunschweig Technical University headed by Mr. Eversberg. Without this eminently professional and multi-functional software, the present bibliography would surely not have come into existence.

---